Flying in winter can be both exciting and challenging. Safe winter flying requires careful planning and preparation. This post offers key tips to help pilots navigate cold weather conditions, from understanding ice on wings to managing visibility. Whether you're a seasoned pilot or just starting, these insights will ensure that your winter flights are both safe and successful.
Snow or Ice Covered Runways and Taxiways
The condition of the runway varies depending on the airport where your plane is located. It’s important to check how well snow is cleared. Many smaller airports have good snow removal equipment with trucks that have plows, but some do not. Make sure to see if the runways are free of snow. If they are not, look in the performance section of your Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM) or Pilot Operating Handbook (POH) to find out what adjustments to be made for runways covered in snow or ice.
Always check the NOTAMs carefully prior to departure and arrival at the intended airport for any runway and taxiway conditions due to snow, ice, or other hazards.
Always wait for the snow removal equipment to finish clearing the runway and taxiways before taking off, provided the airport has the necessary equipment. Ensure that the area is clear of all equipment before proceeding.
Braking on ice or snow is usually not very effective. It's important to avoid making sharp turns and sudden stops. Do not taxi through small snowdrifts or piles of snow at the edge of the runway. Use the brakes lightly, just as you would in the summer, to avoid braking too hard. When landing and taxiing in the snow, try to use the brakes as little as possible. Warm brakes can melt the snow when the plane stops, and that melted snow can freeze again later, which may cause the plane to become stuck.
Taking off from a runway covered in snow usually takes more time, especially if the snow is deep. This means a longer runway may be needed. When a plane tries to take off on a snowy or icy runway, its ability to take off is greatly affected. The plane will require a longer distance to gain enough speed because the snow and ice create less friction between the tires and the runway. This reduced traction makes it harder for the plane to accelerate. Here are some key points about taking off from runways with snow or ice:
Increased takeoff distance - The main effect is that the aircraft requires a much longer distance to take off, which means it needs a longer runway to gain enough speed for to reach takeoff speed.
Reduced acceleration - Because of the low friction on snow and ice, the aircraft takes longer to accelerate and reach the point where it can lift off.
Pilot considerations - Pilots need to check the runway conditions closely and change their takeoff plans if needed. This might mean flying with less weight, using more engine power, and needing a longer runway to take off safely.
Aircraft Performance
In cooler temperatures, planes operate more effectively because cold air is denser. This results in a shorter takeoff distance and better climbing ability since engines produce more power when it's chilly. However, cold weather can also have negative effects on the aircraft, such as lower engine efficiency, reduced tire pressure, and increased drag from frost or ice buildup.
Carburetor heat - Use carburetor heat as required. In some cases, it is necessary to use heat to vaporize the fuel. Do not use carburetor heat in such a manner that it raises the mixture temperature barely to freezing or just a little below. In such cases, it may be inducing carburetor icing.
Pitot Heat - if your aircraft is equipped with a heated pitot tube, turn it on prior to takeoff.
Landing performance can vary based on the runway conditions and any snow or ice present, as well as braking action updates.
It’s important to prioritize a solid landing over a smooth one to impress passengers. In these conditions, aim for a firm touchdown in the landing zone. Allow the tires to start rolling before gently applying the brakes to prevent them from locking up. This also helps minimize the risk of hydroplaning on slippery runways.
After landing and slowing down, the control tower might request a braking action report once you exit the runway. This information is vital for the next aircraft in line. It’s crucial to provide an accurate report so the following pilot is well-prepared for the conditions they will face.
Preflight Inspection
Prior to a flight in cold weather, you must observe additional precautions. As mentioned above, you must remove any frost, snow, or ice on the airplane. Also inspect all control surfaces and their associated hinges, control rods, and cables for snow or ice that could interfere with their operation. Be sure to check the crankcase breather lines, because vapor from the engine can condense and freeze, preventing the release of air from the crankcase.
Another important consideration is whether or not to preheat the airplane prior to fight. If temperatures are so low that you will experience difficulty starting the engine, you should preheat it. Many instruments are adversely affected by cold temperatures, so consider preheating the cabin as well as the engine compartment.
Follow the manufacturer's recommended procedures in the AFM/POH for your specific aircraft. Cold Weather Operations are found in Section 4 of the POH. A couple of examples from the C-172S POH:
Preheating the engine – Per the POH if temperatures are below 20°F (-6°C) it is recommenced to use an external preheater to warm the engine and thaw the oil trapped in the oil cooler.
Priming before engine start - it states that if the engine is under primed it will not start in cold weather. Also, pay close attention to the oil pressure gauge. If the gauge does not indicate pressure within one minute after start in cold weather, stop the engine and get it looked at.
Over priming result in poor compression and difficulty in starting the engine. The engine fires for only a few revolutions and then quits, ice can form on the sparkplug electrodes. If this happens, you can heat the engine or have a mechanic remove the sparkplugs from the engine and heat them separately.
Another thing to consider during the preflight is checking that the brakes are working properly to ensure you can prevent the aircraft from moving. Trying to start the engine on ice can make the airplane slide out of control.
Fuel Contamination
During the preflight sumping fuel tanks is crucial, especially in cold weather, as fuel contamination can happen. Modern fuel facilities have good filtration systems, and oil companies work hard to provide clean fuel for your aircraft. Nevertheless, if your aircraft has been warm and is parked with partially filled tanks in the cold, condensation can form, leading to water in the tanks. Water can travel through the fuel lines to the engine, which could cause the engine to stall during takeoff. In winter, water droplets can freeze and create ice crystals, blocking fuel lines, screens, and filters, and they may even cause icing in the carburetor.
Personnel Essentials for Winter Flying
Winter flying requires specific gear to ensure safety and comfort. Pilots need insulated, waterproof jackets and pants to stay warm and dry in cold conditions. Thermal gloves are essential for maintaining dexterity while operating controls. A quality beanie or helmet liner helps retain body heat, while heated flight suits can provide extra warmth during long flights. Proper footwear, like insulated boots, should keep feet warm without compromising grip on icy surfaces. Having the right gear makes winter flying safer and more enjoyable.
It’s smart to bring extra gloves, a warm heavy jacket, and a few blankets like wool or a space blanket when you take long cross-country flights. These items can be helpful if you get stuck because of bad weather, maintenance problems, or other emergencies. Packing some additional warm clothes and a winter survival kit is also a wise choice.
Survival after an Emergency Landing
In an emergency where you need to land the aircraft unexpectedly, especially in a remote location, leave the plane quickly. This applies to any time of the year. First, assess the situation and assist others around you. Address any injuries right away. Stay away from the aircraft until its safe and all fuel fumes have cleared. Take a moment to sit and think. Remember, survival is largely about your mindset—80% mental, 10% about the gear you have, and 10% about your skills.
Things to remember:
Whether to stay with the aircraft or start out on foot may be a major decision. Did you file a flight plan? If you did, it may be best to let them find you.
Is your emergency locator transmitter operating?
Do you have a survival kit?
Don't fight a storm. Stay put and find shelter. Most storms are of short duration.
What do you have in the aircraft that can be used to aid in survival?
Alaska Survival
If you are flying to Alaska or are new to flying there, it's important to know the mandatory rules and requirements. You can find more information about flying in Alaska by checking out the Flying in Alaska: Survival Kit Regulations and Considerations below.
If you need extra survival gear or everyday flying supplies, here are some items we suggestions that should last for at least three days.
Sneaks and water
Big down coat with hood or winter ski jacket
Extra gloves/mittens
Extra hand warmers
Engine/wing covers, 50-100ft extension cord.
Smart wool or good base layer/socks
Warm snow pants
Wool/cotton shirt.
Wool scarf, water proof snow boots or Bunny Boots.
The key is not to sweat. If you start sweating stop and dry out, if not hypothermia beings to set-in.
MSR WhisperLite which can burn white gas, avgas, etc.
Additional Link
Here is a useful link from the FAA that provides more information about flying in different winter weather conditions.
Red Horse Aviation is here to help you on your path to becoming a pilot. We are dedicated to supporting you whether you're aiming for your pilot certificate or just looking for a refresher. Reach out to us by email or head over to the course catalogue to get started today!
Conclusion
Flying in winter can be safe and enjoyable if you follow the right tips. Always check the weather before your flight, ensure your plane is properly de-iced, and keep your emergency kit stocked with essentials. By being prepared and taking precautions, you can enhance your safety while flying in winter conditions. Remember, a well-planned flight is the best way to enjoy the beauty of winter from the sky. Stay safe and happy flying!
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